编者按：2月1日，乌拉圭总统奥尔西抵达北京，开启为期7天的访华之旅。当天，中国人民大学重阳金融研究院国别研究部副主任、副研究员徐天启接受并表示，乌拉圭通过务实合作拓展战略空间，以国内稳定为根基巩固外交根基，为当今世界各国应对大国竞争、保持独立自主提供了重要国际模板。现将采访视频及文章中英文发布如下： （全文约2500字，预计阅读时间7分钟）
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乌拉圭总统亚曼杜·奥尔西于2月1日至7日访华，成为中国政府正式发布第三份《中国对拉丁美洲和加勒比政策文件》后第一位访华的拉美国家元首。被世界称为“南美瑞士”的乌拉圭，再次用智慧强化自身的独立自主能力，推动世界向多边主义发展。
01
乌拉圭和拉美国家的最大外部挑战
对于乌拉圭和许多拉美国家来说，越来越多证据表明，其发展的最大外部挑战来自他们的邻居美国。拉丁美洲是西半球的重要组成部分，而美国最新宣布的所谓“新西半球战略”，集中体现在最新的美国《国家安全战略》、2026年《国防安全战略》等文件中。这些文件都提出要执行门罗主义的“特朗普推论”，就是说，美国要求西半球国家减少与域外国家的联系与合作，将本国资源与权力向美国让渡。这项所谓的新战略已被全球许多媒体和学者彻底揭露：美国意图将整个西半球的资源尽数掌控于己。例如，美国近期对委内瑞拉总统尼古拉斯·马杜罗实施的扣押行动，被国际社会广泛视为其企图控制委内瑞拉原油的手段。
在此背景下，乌拉圭总统此次访华无疑有着自己的战略目的。阅读乌拉圭“广泛阵线”所提出的《2025-2030执政纲要》，其中明确提出乌拉圭应实施主动的、有利于国家主权的、捍卫多边主义的外交政策，这显然与美国的“门罗主义”西半球战略不符。因此，奥尔西要借访华向华盛顿传递明确信号：乌拉圭长期奉行独立自主、多边主义的外交传统，蒙得维的亚有权对特朗普所谓的新半球战略“说不”，这无疑是对美国门罗主义霸权的有力回击。
02
加强一切务实对外合作增进乌拉圭国家利益
在当今充满挑战的世界环境中，一个国家越是能坚定不移地倡导多边主义、推动全球多极化进程、并与所有伙伴保持良好关系，就越能确保其国家利益最大化，这似乎是显而易见的道理。而乌拉圭正践行着这样的理念。据报道，奥尔西此行人数超80人，包括外交部、工业部、畜牧业部、央行行长等多位高官，以及一众商业团体代表，充分体现了其务实的国家利益优先取向。
对于乌拉圭来说，对华经贸合作对促进本国经济发展至关重要。自2013年以来，中国长期保持着乌拉圭第一大贸易伙伴的地位。中国向乌拉圭购买大量大豆、牛肉、纸浆，乌拉圭向中国购买电动汽车等绿色产品与设备。2025年，两国货物贸易额达71.9亿美元，保持两位数增长。不久前，拉美最大区域经济一体化组织——南方共同市场与欧盟达成了历史性的自由贸易协定，乌拉圭也是南共市一员。在此基础上，奥尔西政府明确支持与中国开展自由贸易协定谈判，为对华经贸打开更广阔的市场空间。通过深化与中国、欧洲等全球伙伴的合作关系，乌拉圭获得了实实在在的经济利益，避免了陷入“选边站队”“零和博弈”下的经济陷阱。
03
良好的国内治理是乌拉圭战略自主的底气
近年来，许多拉美国家都遭受了社会治理困境的困扰。区域内，有的国家常年通胀率、失业率高企，人民流离失所，甚至被迫成为移民逃往他国；有的国家6年内换了6任总统，国家领袖“走马灯”般轮换，多方政治势力恶斗，政府空转现象加剧；有国家左右翼极化对抗明显，社会撕裂严重，不同社会群体矛盾激化。这些国家治理混乱现象，不仅极大地削弱了政府治理的严肃性，也导致国家面对外部压力时，缺乏一致对外的韧性。
相比之下，乌拉圭堪称该地区乃至全球政治稳定的典范。自1985年民主选举政府回归以来，权力交接总体平稳有序。奥尔西政府同样强调国内各方需要合作与沟通，提倡在社会福利与经济活力间寻求平衡，反对极端个人自由主义观念，同时强调保障更公平的收入分配，并延续乌拉圭回归民主治理以来始终奉行的市场经济运行原则。奥尔西政府还强调，安全是民主的保障，提出“国家公共安全计划”，建立综合犯罪打击系统。作为拉美国家，乌拉圭避免了区域内常见的“府院之争”“党争内讧”，为国家对外战略执行提供了坚实的国内支撑。奥尔西此次“高调”访华，正是基于国内治理底气的战略自信表现。
04
展望：让人民生活更美好
携手国际合作共创美好世界
综上所述，乌拉圭作为国际社会公认的模范生，正展现其独特治理之道：对内，强化国家治理体系和治理能力，优先保障国家利益，切实改善民生福祉；对外，抵制霸权胁迫，拒绝对大国指令的盲从，拒绝大国诱使选边站队或参与鲁莽对抗的空头支票。乌拉圭通过务实合作拓展战略空间，以国内稳定为根基巩固外交根基。“南美瑞士”的务实之道，为当今世界各国应对大国竞争、保持独立自主提供了重要国际模板。
英文原文
Uruguayan President Yamandu Orsi is paying a state visit to China, becoming the first President from Latin America to visit after the Chinese government's formal release of its 3rd
China's Policy Paper on Latin America and the Caribbean. Uruguay, known by the world as the "Switzerland of South America," is showing its wisdom to increase its independence, autonomy and advance multilateralism in the changing world.
What is the biggest external challenge for Uruguay and Latin America nowadays?
Nowadays, for Uruguay and most of the countries in Latin America, the biggest external challenge is believed to come from within their neighborhood, namely the United States. The Latin American countries lie in the Western Hemisphere, and the US has been recently releasing its so-called new Western Hemisphere strategy.
The latest National Security Strategy (NSS), the 2026 National Defense Strategy (NDS), and other related documents, all show that the US is about to deploy a new strategy for the Western Hemisphere, called Trump's Monroe Doctrine (or the "Donroe Doctrine"). The new strategy intends to only allow Western Hemisphere countries to cooperate internally instead of with other countries in the world. Many global media outlets and scholars have explained this new strategy well. It is clear that the US wants to control all the resources in the hemisphere for itself. As an example, the recent seizure of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro by the US was seen as an attempt to control crude oil in Venezuela.
Against this backdrop, which many call threats, the Orsi administration clearly has its own strategic ideas and goals. Looking at the
Bases Programáticas 2025-2030by Frente Amplio, President Orsi and his team plan to engage diplomatically with positivity, applying principles of sovereignty, autonomy and multilateralism.
Through his visit to China, Orsi aims to send a clear signal to Washington: Uruguay has long upheld an independent, multilateral diplomatic tradition, and Montevideo will not accept Washington's so-called New Western Hemisphere strategy. This undoubtedly constitutes a forceful rebuttal to the American Monroe Doctrine hegemony.
Strengthening practical cooperation with China to advance national interests
In today's challenging world, it seems to be obvious that if a country can steadfastly champion multilateralism, promote global multipolarity, and maintain sound relations with all partners, then it can ensure the maximization of its national interests. And that is what Uruguay has been doing.
Reports indicate that Orsi's delegation will exceed 80 members, including senior officials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Industry, Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fishes, and the central bank, alongside numerous representatives from business associations, etc., which fully reflects Uruguay's pragmatic orientation prioritizing its own national interests.
For Uruguay, economic and trade cooperation with China is indispensable for advancing its development. Since 2013, China has consistently been Uruguay's largest goods trading partner. China serves as the primary market for Uruguayan exports of soybeans, beef, and pulp, while Uruguay is a significant buyer of China's green products, such as EV vehicles.
Recently, the MERCOSUR (Southern Common Market) has just concluded a historic free trade agreement with the European Union. Building upon this achievement, the Orsi administration can also promote negotiations for a free trade agreement with China during this trip, thereby opening broader market opportunities for economic and trade relations with China.
By deepening cooperative ties with China, Europe and other nations worldwide, Uruguay is securing tangible economic benefits while avoiding the economic pitfalls of being drawn into zero-sum games or forced to choose sides.
Sound domestic governance underpins Uruguay's strategic autonomy and independence
Unfortunately, many Latin American countries have been facing governance difficulties in the recent years. Within the region, there are countries which have seen six presidents in six years, with leaders rotating like a revolving door, showcasing fierce political infighting paralyzing governments. There are countries enduring chronic high inflation and unemployment, forcing citizens into displacement or even migration abroad. There are countries having polarization between left and right wings, which deepens the social divisions and intensifies conflicts between different groups.
Such governance difficulties or sometimes even chaos not only severely undermines the credibility of government administration, but also leaves the countries lacking cohesive resilience when confronting external pressures.
Uruguay exemplifies the distinctive political stability in the region. Since the elections in 1984, power transitions have generally proceeded smoothly. The Orsi administration similarly emphasizes the necessity of cooperation and communication among domestic stakeholders. It upholds a balanced approach to social welfare and economic vitality, opposing extreme individualistic notions of liberty, while safeguarding more equitable income distribution, and maintaining the market economy operating principles that have been consistently upheld since 1985.
Stressing that security underpins democracy, it has proposed a "National Public Safety Plan" to establish a comprehensive crime-fighting system. As a Latin American country, Uruguay has avoided the regionally prevalent conflicts between the executive and legislative branches, as also the destructive partisan infighting, thereby providing robust domestic support for its foreign strategy.
President Orsi's high-profile visit to China reflects his strategic confidence, underpinned by good domestic governance. When unity prevails internally, external pressures struggle to undermine a nation's resolve to make sound choices.
Outlook: To give people a better life and to cooperate internationally toward a better world
Uruguay, widely recognized as a model student in the international community, is showcasing its approach domestically. The country is prioritizing national interests by strengthening governance and improving citizens' livelihoods. Externally, Uruguay is resisting hegemonic intimidation and blind obedience to directives from major powers. The country is also rejecting the temptation of empty promises from great powers to choose sides or engage in reckless confrontation.
Uruguay has been expanding its strategic space through pragmatic cooperation and fortifies its diplomatic foundations with domestic stability. The pragmatic approach of the "Switzerland of South America" serves as a vital model for navigating great power competition, and to keep its own independence and autonomy.
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中国人民大学重阳金融研究院（人大重阳）成立于2013年1月19日，是重阳投资向中国人民大学捐赠并设立教育基金运营的主要资助项目。
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