自2025年11月起，我国将HPV疫苗纳入国家免疫规划，为2011年11月10日以后出生、满13周岁女孩免费接种2剂次双价HPV疫苗。近日，国家疾控局发布HPV疫苗科普问答，针对大家关心的接种年龄、疫苗选择、安全性等问题给出了官方解答。核心干货如下，一篇看懂。
一、我国宫颈癌的发病情况如何？与HPV感染有关系吗？
宫颈癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。2022年我国宫颈癌新发病例为15.1万例，死亡病例是5.6万例。发病率在20岁之前处于较低水平，20岁以后逐渐上升，至50—54岁年龄组达高峰，之后逐渐下降。近20年来，我国宫颈癌的发病率呈上升且年轻化的趋势。
宫颈癌病因明确，主要是由高危型人乳头瘤病毒（HPV）持续感染导致的。
Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. In 2022, China recorded about 151,000 new cases and 56,000 related deaths. The incidence rate is low before age 20, rises gradually afterward, and reaches its highest point in the 50 to 54 age group before falling again. Over the last 20 years, the incidence of cervical cancer in China has been rising and increasingly affects younger population.
The cause of cervical cancer is clear — persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus strains.
二、我国将HPV疫苗纳入国家免疫规划，确定13周岁女孩作为接种目标人群的考虑是什么？
发生初次性行为前，进行HPV疫苗接种，可以最大限度发挥疫苗预防HPV感染的作用，以获得更好的保护效果；
国内外研究表明，9—14周岁女孩接种HPV疫苗产生的抗体水平，是15周岁以上人群的2倍以上，且保护效果可持续至少10年以上；
全球为适龄女孩免费接种HPV疫苗的国家，目标人群多为11—13周岁女孩。
Receiving the HPV vaccine before the onset of sexual activity can maximize its protective effect.
Studies have shown that girls vaccinated when aged 9 to14 can develop antibody levels more than twice as high as those vaccinated at age 15 or older, and the protective effect lasts for at least 10 years.
Globally, in countries that provide free HPV vaccination to school-age girls, the target population is typically those aged 11 to 13.
三、为什么将双价HPV疫苗纳入国家免疫规划？如果已经接种四价、九价等其他价次的HPV疫苗，是否还需要接种免费的双价疫苗？
研究表明，至少70%的宫颈癌与HPV16型、18型持续感染有关，双价HPV疫苗可预防这两种型别的病毒感染。如果适龄女孩已自费接种四价、九价HPV疫苗，不需要重复接种。
适龄儿童家长可以综合考虑孩子的健康需求等实际情况，选择接种免费的国家免疫规划疫苗，或自费接种四价、九价疫苗。
Studies show that persistent infection with HPV types 16 and 18 is linked to at least 70 percent of cervical cancer cases. The bivalent HPV vaccine is designed to protect against both of these high-risk types.
If an eligible girl has already received the quadrivalent or nonavalent HPV vaccine at her own expense, there is no need to receive the bivalent vaccine. Parents of eligible children may choose between the publicly funded vaccine and the self-paid options with broader coverage based on specific health needs and circumstances.
四、纳入国家免疫规划的HPV疫苗接种程序如何？HPV疫苗可以和其他疫苗一起接种吗？
纳入国家免疫规划的HPV疫苗共需要接种两剂次。完成首剂接种后，间隔半年接种第二剂次，间隔期最好不要超过一年。
国际共识是：HPV疫苗可以与其他疫苗同时接种。
The HPV vaccine included in the national immunization program requires a total of two doses. The second dose should be given six months after the first, and the interval between the two doses should preferably not exceed one year.
The international consensus is that the HPV vaccine can be administered along with other vaccines.
五、HPV疫苗属于预防接种证查验的范围吗？未接种HPV疫苗是否影响入学？
HPV疫苗已纳入国家免疫规划，适龄女孩应当履行疫苗接种义务，监护人应当依法保证适龄女孩按时接种。部分地区疾控、卫生健康、教育部门已将适龄女孩HPV疫苗接种情况纳入预防接种证查验内容，但是否完成HPV疫苗接种不是入学门槛，不会影响孩子入学。
As the HPV vaccine has been added to the national immunization program, eligible girls are expected to fulfill their vaccination obligation, and their guardians are legally responsible for ensuring that they receive the vaccine on schedule.
In some regions, health and education authorities have included HPV vaccination records in the routine check of immunization certificates for school-age children. But completion of the HPV vaccination is not a prerequisite for school enrollment and will not affect a child's admission into school.
六、感染了HPV后还需要接种疫苗吗？打完疫苗是否就一劳永逸了？
对于个体来讲，即使已感染某一种或几种特定型别的HPV，接种疫苗仍然可以有效预防未感染的其他HPV亚型（疫苗包含型别）。但是，HPV疫苗属于预防性疫苗，对已经发生的病毒感染无清除作用，如已发生病变，也不能阻止病变的进展。
即使接种疫苗，仍建议定期进行宫颈癌筛查，并保持健康的生活方式。
Even if you've already been infected with one or more types of HPV, getting vaccinated can still protect you from other HPV strains covered by the vaccine that you haven't been exposed to yet. But the HPV vaccine is preventive and it cannot clear an existing infection or stop a developing lesion from progressing.
After vaccination, it is suggested taking regular cervical cancer screening and keeping a healthy lifestyle.
图源：新华社
七、免费接种的双价HPV疫苗，在接种安全方面有哪些保障措施？
纳入国家免疫规划的国产双价HPV疫苗，已上市使用多年，已在十余个国家适龄儿童中接种，其安全性、有效性已得到充分验证。疫苗在研制、上市审批、生产和批签发、流通、预防接种全过程都有严格、规范的监管措施。
The domestically made bivalent HPV vaccine now offered under the national immunization program has been used for years in China and more than ten countries around the world. Its safety and effectiveness have been thoroughly proven.
Rigorous regulatory controls are in place across the full vaccine lifecycle, including R&D, licensing, manufacturing and lot release, supply chain, and administration.
八、错过了13岁免费接种时间，是否可以补种？已经自费打过一针，还能享受免费接种政策吗？
符合出生日期要求的适龄女孩，如果因各种原因错过了HPV疫苗免费接种时间，可以到辖区接种点免费进行补种。已自费接种部分剂次的人群，可按原有程序完成全程接种。
Age-eligible girls who have missed the window for free HPV vaccination can still receive vaccination for free at designated vaccination site.
Individuals who have already initiated the HPV vaccination series at their own expense may continue with and complete the remaining doses in accordance with the original immunization schedule.
记者：王小予
来源：国家疾控局
跟着China Daily
精读英语新闻
“无痛”学英语，每天20分钟就够！