近日，广东深圳的李女士反映，全家人频繁生病，就医却始终查不出原因。直到近期遭遇连日降雨，她发现家中墙布出现霉斑，揭开后才发现，整个屋子大面积发霉了。
Recurring health problems left a family in Shenzhen, Guangdong province, searching for answers for months, until days of heavy rainfall revealed hidden mold behind the wallpaper in their rented apartment.
李女士告诉记者，起初房东不愿配合揭开墙布，除霉师傅上门查看后表示，这些霉斑已存在很久。
意识到房屋存在严重健康隐患后，李女士一家赶紧搬离。
李女士表示，房东得知此事后，拒绝退还剩余的8300元房租押金，称如果坚持退钱，需承担除霉费用。随后，李女士将此事投诉至12345热线。
在街道和社区组织的协商下，房东最终同意退还押金和一部分房租共7700余元。
The tenant, surnamed Li, said the landlord refused to return her 8,300 yuan security deposit, insisting that she first pay for mold removal. After she filed complaints through the government's 12345 public service hotline and sought mediation from the local community, the landlord eventually agreed to refund more than 7,700 yuan, including part of the rent.
霉菌对身体的危害不可忽视
霉菌是一种特殊的真菌，能够引起霉变反应。霉菌有数万种，其中有30种左右寄居在家里。正常情况下，霉菌是肉眼看不到的，如果在环境中能够看到，说明这里的霉菌很多。
家里出现霉点不仅影响美观，还对人体呼吸系统、内脏器官等有潜在威胁。
▌侵入肺部
曲霉菌菌丝入侵肺部的感染是肺曲霉菌病中最常见，也最严重的情况。尤其是如果还存在慢性肺病情况可能会更糟糕。发病时会表现出发热、干咳、咯血、胸痛、呼吸困难等症状。
One of the most serious illnesses associated with mold exposure is pulmonary aspergillosis, a lung infection caused by Aspergillus fungi. People with weakened immune systems or chronic lung disease are at higher risk. Symptoms may include fever, a persistent dry cough, coughing up blood, chest pain and shortness of breath.
▌引发炎症
除了可以直接感染肺部，曲霉菌的孢子还是强过敏原，引发过敏性支气管炎。还可能出现一些常见的过敏反应，如鼻炎、过敏性皮炎等。
▌导致癌症
曲霉菌中大名鼎鼎的黄曲霉菌，还能产生致癌物质黄曲霉毒素。黄曲霉毒素的危害性在于对人及动物肝脏组织有破坏作用，严重时可导致肝癌甚至死亡。
Some species of Aspergillus, such as Aspergillus flavus, can produce aflatoxins under certain conditions. Long-term exposure to aflatoxins has been linked to an increased risk of liver cancer, while acute poisoning from high levels can be life-threatening.
霉菌通常“藏”在哪些地方？
基于霉菌的生存条件，家里这些地方更容易藏匿霉菌：
❶卫生间及浴室
卫生间的墙角、瓷砖缝、水龙头、浴室帘子、浴室密封胶等处，都可能出现霉菌。
建议：加装并使用排风扇；洗澡后，用水将浴缸和墙壁刷洗干净；及时拖干地面水渍，保持卫生间干燥卫生。
❷冰箱
冰箱的密封条容易滋生一种叫链格孢的霉菌，它能引发吸入性过敏。带土的蔬菜放在冰箱里，泥土中所含的霉菌也可随空气循环转移到其他食材上。
建议：定期清洗冰箱，尤其注意擦洗密封条，平时生熟食物分开放。
Refrigerator door seals are a common place for mold to grow, while unwashed vegetables carrying soil may introduce mold spores that can spread to other foods. Regularly clean your refrigerator, paying special attention to the rubber seals, and store raw and cooked foods separately to reduce the risk of contamination.
❸洗衣机
洗好的衣服不及时取出、用完洗衣机就把盖子扣上等习惯，给了霉菌繁殖的好机会。
建议：定期清洁洗衣机内筒，尤其梅雨季，可以用专门的清洗剂给内筒消毒。
❹菜板
很多家庭会选用木制或竹制的菜板，若清洗不到位，易发霉。
建议：菜板、锅具、碗碟等清洗后，及时擦干。做完饭后，尽快清理厨余垃圾。
❺卧室及阳台
很多家庭会在阳台养花、晾衣服，所以阳台的边边角角易滋生霉菌；另外，人体出汗，若不注意通风和晾晒，床垫等寝具也易发霉。
建议：开启空调除湿模式，多晒被子，通风换气。
Balconies, especially those used for growing plants or drying clothes, are also prone to mold because of higher humidity. Mattresses may develop mold if moisture builds up over time, so using a dehumidifier when needed, airing or sun-drying bedding regularly, and keeping rooms well ventilated can help prevent mold growth.
家里出现霉菌如何清除？
霉菌通常可通过高温（水温 80℃ 以上、阳光暴晒等）、按说明书配 84 消毒液等方式杀灭。需要注意的是，84 消毒液不要和洁厕灵等清洁剂混用。
对于墙体发霉，如果霉点不严重，可用抹布直接擦掉，也可用漂白水喷雾（有颜色的墙面慎用）；如为墙纸，不能用水擦，要用布浸点酒精抹拭。
需要提醒的是，在进行除霉操作时，最好佩戴手套、口罩，并开窗通风。
For small patches of mold on walls, use an appropriate mold-removal product or a diluted bleach solution where suitable, but avoid using bleach on painted surfaces. For wallpaper, wipe the affected area with a cloth dampened with alcohol rather than water.
Always wear gloves and a mask while cleaning mold, and keep windows open to ensure good ventilation.
来源：人民日报微信 深圳广播电视台都市频道《第一现场》 九派新闻 科普中国
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