作者 克尔-纽曼黑洞
尽管海百合Cyathidium foresti与 巨型牡蛎Neopycnodonte zibrowii的紧密共生并非必然(海百合也可直接固着于基岩上),但这种关联可能带来多重益处:首先,牡蛎壳的生长持续为海百合提供新的固着空间,这对空间受限环境中的固着生物来说至关重要;其次,二者虽都以滤食浮游生物为食,但摄食策略不同——牡蛎会主动产生摄食水流,而海百合被动依赖环境水流,因此可能受益于牡蛎创造的水流环境。
N. zibrowii属于繁盛于白垩纪和古近纪,现已基本灭绝的硬牡蛎类(pycnodontine);C. foresti是在侏罗纪至白垩纪期间多样性高、数量丰富的海百合类群的孑遗。二者的共生关系同样跨越了漫长的时光——在位于丹麦法克瑟(Faxe)的距今逾 6000 万年的中丹尼阶,即存在Cyathidium属(该属模式种C. holopus)和硬牡蛎(Pycnodontesp.)共生的化石。Nielsen 报道了法克瑟剖面大量原位保存在疑似硬底悬垂结构下的群体,描述了海百合C. holopus常栖于牡蛎壳上,而牡蛎又附着于珊瑚形成的崖壁,且C. holopus本身常被新生牡蛎覆着。Steenstrup 在描述C. holopus时即记载其常见于厚牡蛎壳上,Ravn 与 Hennig 均注意到海百合偏好以倒置姿态附着于牡蛎铰合区最大凹面处。6000 万年前的法克瑟牡蛎-海百合组合可能和现今的亚速尔群岛组合一样栖息于冷水深海珊瑚礁相伴的硬底悬崖与悬垂结构下。
丹麦法克瑟中丹尼阶的Cyathidium holopus与牡蛎化石。A:成百个C. holopus化石;B:位于可能的悬垂结构下的大量C. holopus化石;C:固着于牡蛎壳内表面的海百合(示意图);D、E:硬牡蛎壳内表面固着的处于不同个体发育阶段的C. holopus/ Wisshak 等,2009b
这些事实对研究海百合和牡蛎演化具有重要意义——这些海百合为逃避“中生代海洋革命(the Mesozoic Marine Revolution)”期间增强的捕食压力而向深海迁移。固着海百合在晚中生代至新生代早期几乎从浅水完全消失,被无柄的羽星类海百合取代,后者具有活动能力且常严格夜行,因而能避开昼行性捕食者。最可能的潜在捕食者是具碎壳能力的真骨鱼类,这类捕食者在马斯特里赫特期至古新世经历了重大辐射演化。从Cyathidium在塞诺曼阶至马斯特里赫特阶的记录来看,其生境迁移始于晚白垩世[巴黎盆地与英国南部盆地(Anglo-Paris Basin,法国庇卡底和英国普利茅斯一带)坎帕阶的新发现即为证据],而法克瑟的材料表明该过程到中达宁阶已完成。这一时间线与真骨鱼类辐射演化完美吻合。而牡蛎亦在逃避固着竞争或捕食压力。此外,白垩纪末危机可能也促进了这一“生境逃离”过程,该事件最终导致了白垩纪-古近纪大灭绝。在捕食压力相对较小的稳定深水环境中,Cyathidium-(Neo)pycnodonte组合不仅躲过了这次大灭绝事件,更在未留下任何已知化石记录且未显著改变形态的情况下延续了整个新生代,最终成为今天可供原位研究的“活化石群落”。[完]
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