2021年9月28日，由京领主办的全球院士论坛暨青少年科研论坛圆满落幕。
6位世界级院士齐聚一堂，就科研素养提升、创新人才培养话题，为与会的青少年带来了一场精彩绝伦的科研盛宴，并与全国在线观众一同见证了“中国国际学校科研强校”、“中国国际学校科研实验校”、青少年最佳论文奖项等获奖名单的公布。
2022年，京领将再度举办全球院士论坛暨青少年科研论坛，新一年的报名通道已经开启，点击文末报名链接参与。
在本次全球院士论坛暨青少年科研论坛中，京领邀请了1位诺奖得主、5位来自哈佛大学、牛津大学、剑桥大学的院士就“创新”、“人才”、“发展”三个论坛主题进行了主旨演讲，并对获奖的学生和学校表示祝贺。
6位世界级院士在京领全球院士论坛的主旨演讲
诺贝尔经济学奖得主、哈佛大学校级教授（哈佛大学最高级别教授）埃里克·马斯金（Eric Maskin）
受邀在全球院士论坛暨青少年科研论坛上发表了精彩演讲。
马斯金教授
诺贝尔经济学奖得主
哈佛大学校级教授
（哈佛大学最高级别教授）
哈佛大学经济学与数学终身正教授
美国国家科学院院士
美国艺术与科学院院士
马斯金教授是世界最知名的经济学家之一，是哈佛大学最高级别教授——哈佛大学校级教授，还是美国国家科学院院士，美国艺术与科学院院士，英国科学院院士，以及知名期刊《经济学季刊》、《经济学快报》、《经济理论专论》的编辑，在政治经济学、博弈论、契约论、社会选择论等方面为世界做出了突出贡献。2007年，马斯金教授凭借在机制设计理论方面的成就荣获诺贝尔经济学奖，运用博弈论的特殊形式，为使市场中所有各方最大化收益做出贡献。他获得的主要奖项还有：肯佩环境经济学奖、EFR商业周奖、马赛和图卢兹两个城市的梅达耶大赛、哈佛大学百年纪念章、克里斯托瓦尔·加巴隆基金会国际奖经济学、路易丝·布劳因基金会奖、让·雅克·拉夫芳奖、詹姆斯·乔伊斯奖等。
马斯金教授作为诺贝尔经济学奖得主、哈佛大学校级教授、美国国家科学院院士，美国艺术与科学院院士，同时也是世界上最著名的经济学家之一，在本次论坛中进行了深刻的发言，马斯金教授在发言中讲述了自己的科研经历，让参与本次论坛的青少年对科研有了更加深刻的认识。
在此，京领独家放送Prof. Eric Maskin在全球院士论坛暨青少年科研论坛上的主旨发言，以飨读者。
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01
演讲内容回顾
大家好，我是埃里克·马斯金，哈佛大学经济学和数学教授，2007年诺贝尔经济学奖得主。我很高兴今天能和你们对话，因为我知道你们都对研究感兴趣，而且研究是我自己非常感兴趣的事情。这是我生命中很重要的一部分。所以对我来说，研究是我设定自己议程的机会。在大多数工作中，他们被告知要做什么。他们有个老板，他们有老板设定的议程，他们的工作就是做老板想做的任何事。像我这样的研究工作的最大优势，这是属于我的。更多是，我作为研究人员，可以自由地问任何我想问的问题。这样我就能专注于我最感兴趣的问题和我最好奇的东西。对某事的好奇是最好的动力，这确保你能把工作做到最好。
Hello, everyone, I'm Eric Maskin, a professor of economics and mathematics at Harvard University. And the winner of the 2007 Nobel Memorial Prize in economics. I'm very excited to talk to you today because I know that you are all interested in research and research is something I'm very interested in myself. It's a major part of my life. So for me, research is the opportunity to set my own agenda. In most jobs that people have, they are told what to do. They have a boss, They have an agenda that the boss sets and their job consists of doing whatever their boss wants. The great advantage of a job like mine, research job like mine. Is that on my own books. And furthermore, I am free as researcher to ask any questions that I want. So I can concentrate on the questions that interest me the most, that I'm the most curious about. And being curious about something is the very best motivation for making sure that you do your best work.
你们可能都知道，如果你对某件事充满热情，你可能会更加努力。我的工作也是如此。如果我想要回答一些我很好奇的问题，我会努力找到答案的。事实上，做研究的乐趣之一就是问自己一些非常困难的问题，就像解谜一样。当你最终发现解决方案的时候挑战越大，回报越大。所以，我确定你们中的大多数人可能不确定自己想要在一生中做什么。但我强烈建议你考虑从事研究，研究你最感兴趣的领域，也许你甚至还不知道这个领域是什么。对我来说，这样的工作是世界上最好的工作。
You probably all know that if you're enthusiastic about something, you're likely to work harder on it. And that's true in my job, too. If l pick questions to try to answer that I'm really curious about, I will work really hard to find the answer. In fact, part of the fun of doing research is asking yourself really difficult questions that it's like solving a puzzle. The more challenging, the more rewarding is the solution when you finally discover it. So, I'm sure that many of you, most of you are probably unsure what you want to do in life, but I strongly urge you to think of possibly having a career in research, research in whatever field most interests you and perhaps you don't even know what that field is yet. For me, such a job is the best possible job in the world.
现在让我告诉你们一些关于我是如何进入研究领域的以及我大学时如何进入经济学领域的。我其实是一名数学系学生。我学的大部分是我喜欢的数学课程。我仍然热爱数学，它是我们拥有的最美丽的学科之一。但是，碰巧的是，我上了一门课，听了一名用数学工具来回答重大的经济和社会问题的经济学家的讲座。我认为这是一个很好的组合，因为我感兴趣研究哪些与社会有关，哪些与经济有关的问题，但我也喜欢经济学中的数学。事实证明，这两个专业你都可以做。你可以用数学工具来解决重要问题，这些问题可能会影响到数百万人的福祉。
Now let me tell you a little bit about how I got into research and how I got into economics when I was at university, I was actually a math student, I was taking mostly mathematics courses which I loved and I still love mathematics. It's one of the most beautiful subjects that we have. But, just by chance, I happen to take a course, go to a set of lectures by an economist who was using mathematical tools to answer big economic and social questions. I thought that was a wonderful combination, because I was interested in working on questions which related to society and which related to the economy. But I also love mathematics in economics. It turns out, you can do both. You can use mathematical tools for solving important questions and questions which will affect the well being of possibly millions of people.
我研究的一个经济学领域就是机制设计。如果你喜欢经济学中的工程部分，机制设计。第一个想法是设定目标。社会设定它想要实现的目标，然后机制设计师先弄清楚这些目标是否可能实现，以及他们是否能够想出一种机制，一个能够通过机构解决这些目标的机制。
Now the particular area of economics that I got into is what's called mechanism design. Mechanism design is, if you like the engineering part of economics. The idea is the first try to set goals. Society sets the goals that it would like to achieve. And then the mechanism designer figures out first whether those goals are possibly achievable or not and if they are achievable of how to come up with a mechanism where an institution which can solve those goals.
让我给你一个非常简单的例子。想象你是一个机制设计师，你有一个蛋糕，你想把它分给两个孩子，鲍勃和爱丽丝。那你怎么能把蛋糕分了，让每个孩子都认为他或她的那一块至少和其他孩子一样大？换句话说，你要以公平的方式切蛋糕。
Let me give you a very simple example. Imagine that you're the mechanism designer, and you've got a cake which you want to divide between two children, Bob and Alice. Well, how can you divide the cake so that each child thinks that his or her piece is at least as big as the other childs. In other words, you want to, you want to cut the cake in a fair way.
如果你知道孩子们对蛋糕的看法和你一样，这个问题有一个简单的解决办法，你可以直接切蛋糕。在你看来正好是一半，然后给每个孩子一块。但问题是，也许孩子们对蛋糕的看法和你不一样。你以为你把蛋糕切成了两半，但是一个孩子认为另一个孩子的份更大。
Well, if you know that the children see the cake the same way you do, there's a simple solution to this problem, you can just cut the cake exactly in half from your point of view and give each child one of the pieces. But the problem is that perhaps the children don't see the cake the same way that you do. You think you've cut the cake exactly in half. But one child thinks the other child's pieces bigger.
那么如何解决公平分配的问题呢？即使你不知道孩子们怎么看蛋糕，这是机制设计的问题。其实有一个很简单的非常巧妙的解决方法。你能做的就是让一个孩子来切蛋糕，但是让另一个孩子选择他自己拿的那一块。换句话说，一个孩子切，另一个孩子选择。让我们看看为什么这样可行。因为当第一个孩子切蛋糕的时候，他会确保以某种方式做到这一点：即不管另一个孩子得到了什么，切蛋糕的人要让他的那块蛋糕至少和那块一样大。换句话说，他要把蛋糕切成两半。如果其中一块更大，他知道另一个孩子会拿走那一块，所以他会把蛋糕平均切成两半，无论另一个孩子得到什么，这仍然是等分。所以第一个孩子会让他的份至少和另一块一样大。因为他是那样切的。另一个拿蛋糕的孩子可以拿走他最喜欢的，所以他会想让他的那一块至少和另一块一样大。这样问题就通过一点巧妙的方法解决了。
So how can you solve this fair division problem? Even when you don't know how the children see the cake, that's the mechanism design question. Well, it turns out that there is a very simple but very ingenious solution to this problem. What you can do is to have one child cut the cake. But have the other child choose which of the two pieces that he takes for himself. In other words, one child cuts, the other chooses. and Let's see why this works. It works because when the first child is cutting the cake. He will make sure that he does so in a way, that which ever piece the other child gets, the cake cutter thinks that his piece is at least as big as that piece. In other words, he's going to cut the cake exactly in half. If one of the pieces is bigger, he knows the other child is going to take that one. So he will cut the cake exactly in half. So whichever piece the other child gets, it's still an equal split. So the first child will think that his pieces at least as big as the others. Because he cuts it that way. And the other child, the one who takes the piece can take his favorite piece. And so he too will think that his piece is at least as big as the other. So the problem is solved with using a little ingenuity.
当然，切蛋糕是一个非常简单的问题。但同样的想法可以用于更复杂的问题。以气候变化为例，问题是我们想要减少二氧化碳的排放量。我们排放到大气中因为二氧化碳导致了气候变化。但每个国家都希望其他国家减排而不是他们自己减少。因为减少碳排放很昂贵，而且任何国家都不愿意自己承担这笔费用。所以解决气候变化的关键是让所有国家团结在一起并设计出一种公平的方式来减少碳排放。从这个意义上说，它可能会有问题，并且有点复杂。现在我们还没有一个解决气候变化问题的国际协议。我相信我们最终会有一个。当我们这样做的时候，我的机制设计领域将在达成国际协议方面发挥重要作用。
Now cake cutting, of course, is a very simple problem. But the same ideas can be used for much more complex issues. Think of climate change, for example, climate change is one of the biggest problems facing the world today. The issue is that we would like to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide. That we are emitting into the atmosphere because this carbon dioxide is causing the climate change. But each country would prefer that other countries reduce rather than they themselves reducing. Because of course reducing carbon emissions is expensive, and no country would like to incur this expense on its own. So the key to solving climate change is getting all of the countries to come together and devise a fair way of reducing carbon emissions. So in that sense, it's likely take problem, but a little bit more complicated. Now we don't yet have an international agreement which will solve climate change. I am confident that we will have one eventually. And when we do, my field of mechanism design will play a major role in leading to that international agreement.
回到研究，正如你们所知，机制设计，我的研究领域可以解决一些非常大的问题，比如气候变化。也许你选择的研究领域也能引出如此重要的解决方案。但无论你选择什么领域，我希望你能选择一些领域进行进一步的研究。确保这是一个让你着迷和感兴趣的领域，而且你可以玩得很开心的领域。非常感谢！
So to come back to research, as you can tell, mechanism design, my research field, can potentially solve some very big problems such as climate change. Perhaps the fields that you choose for your research can lead to such important solutions as well. But whatever field you do choose, and I hope that you will choose some field for further research. Make sure that it's a field that fascinates you and interests you and that you can have fun with. Thank you very much.
02
获奖名单
本次全球院士论坛暨青少年科研论坛为点燃青少年对于科研创新的热情，由京领专家和哈佛牛剑院士组成的论坛组委会以人文社科、经济管理、理学、信息与工程、医药与健康、艺术与设计在内的六大学科方向面向全国国际学校学生征集论文。
在本次论文征集中，在科研方面表现突出的学生，其所在的国际学校，将根据学生获奖情况获得由组委会颁发的《中国国际学校科研强校》、《中国国际学校科研实验校》荣誉。
以下为学校获奖名单
以下为学生获奖名单
此次奖项不仅是对于获奖学校与学生在科技创新人才培养上取得成果的认可，更是国际顶尖学术界对国际学校与学生科研素养培养成果的认可。本次奖项在更大范围内鼓励更多青少年立志投身于科学研究，推动科技创新人才培养，为世界科学发展做出贡献！
03
论文征集开启
2022年，京领将再度举办全球院士论坛暨青少年科研论坛。以诺奖得主、哈佛牛剑终身正教授、海外国家级院士组成论坛委员会，将以人文社科、经济管理、理学、信息与工程、医药与健康、艺术与设计在内的六大学科方向面向全国国际学校学生征集论文！
组委会将在六大学科中分别评选出青少年最佳论文奖：
Grande Prize 特等奖
First Place 一等奖
Second Place 二等奖
Third Place 三等奖
Merit Award 优秀奖
其所在的国际学校，将根据学生获奖情况获得由组委会颁发的《中国国际学校科研强校》、《中国国际学校科研实验校》荣誉，目前报名通道已经开启。
论坛征集报名通道
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