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先看一看美国政府和FDA之间就新冠新苗你来我往的时间线:

  • 8月20日,美国FDA的疫苗高管表示宁可辞职也不会在政治压力下强推疫苗。


  • 8月22日,特朗普发推说:“FDA的“深州”人士或者其他什么人,正给疫苗研发商制造困难,让们难以招募测试志愿者。显然,他们企图把疫苗拖延到大选之后。必须重视速度,拯救生命”!(The deep state, or whoever, over at the FDA is making it very difficult for drug companies to get people in order to test the vaccines and therapeutics. Obviously, they are hoping to delay the answer until after November 3rd. Must focus on speed, and saving lives)。

  • 第二天,总统首席助手试图澄清特朗普的指责,但是也敲打FDA: “他们需感受到一些热度......FDA有些人工作不够努力......部分已经被撤换了”(If they don’t see the light, they need to feel the heat because the American people are suffering…… looked at a number of people that are not being as diligent as they should be" and that some of them "have been relocated.")


  • 8月30日,FDA局长哈恩暗示疫苗研发商可以在三期临床试验完成之前提出申请,以加快速度(“It is up to the sponsor [vaccine developer] to apply for authorisation or approval, and we make an adjudication of their application,” Dr Hahn said. “If they do that before the end of Phase Three, we may find that appropriate. We may find that inappropriate, we will make a determination.”)


  • 9月8日,特朗普预言新冠疫苗可能在大选前出现:“我们也许会看到一个巨大的惊喜,我担保你们会很高兴,人民会高兴,世界人民会高兴,疫苗近了,很可能在一个非常特殊的日子之前(大选日)”(You could have a very big surprise coming up. I’m sure you’ll be very happy. But the people will be happy. The people of the world will be happy,” Trump told reporters Monday in a Labor Day press conference from the steps of the White House. “We’re going to have a vaccine very soon, maybe even before a very special date. You know what date I’m talking about,” Trump said, even as he accused his Democratic opponents of playing "dangerous" politics with a vaccine)。


  • 9月23日,重磅终于来了,媒体嗅到FDA拟议提高新冠疫苗申请标准,主要是两条:1)所有受试者在注射后需要有平均两个月的跟踪时间;2)整个试验中要至少看到5个重症患者。要求这么长的跟踪时间,这个临床试验的耗时自然就长;在新冠治疗水平提高,重症率下降且试验疫苗提供保护的情况下,要求受试群体中出现至少5个新冠重症患者,就意味着试验样本必须足够大。在这两个条件下,大选前看到疫苗批准的可能性绝对没有。


  • 特朗普是自甘示弱的人吗?于是在同一天他又放话:“FDA这个标准必须白宫批准,我们可能批也可能不批”(That has to be approved by the White House," Trump said. "We may or may not approve it)。“这个更加严格的标准,是一种政治行动”(I think it was a political move more than anything else)。


  • 这么个折腾法,大概FDA的局长也觉得心累了,他曾经因为推过紧急授权羟氯喹和康复血清,科学上不严谨,而饱受批评。所以这次他干脆表态:疫苗的标准和审批,完全由FDA专家决定,他这个行政首长不予干涉。算是一推六二五了。


  • 10月3日, 大概是经过一番幕后角力,白宫出面解释说特朗普对FDA新标准的反对,主要是由于药厂的反对,因为这个标准太严了。总统当然坚决和搞创新和救人生命的药厂站在一起(The White House cited the private-sector opposition as a chief reason for blocking the guidelines, which aim to hold companies’ vaccines to a higher bar for safety and effectiveness and would likely push any authorization beyond Election Day, they said)。


  • 药厂的都是人精啊,哪里那么容易就被人代表了。10月6日,辉瑞代表药厂站出来了,说:“不是我们”。“我们不会和白宫去讨论FDA标准的对错”。


  • 同一天,白宫对FDA的新标准终于放行。


  • 几小时后,标准全文即在FDA网站公布,昭示于于天下了;再几个小时之后,特朗普发推指责说这是FDA的“Just another political hit job”。不管是什么说法,也不管是什么结果,都逃不过天下人悠悠之口。

辉瑞在怼白宫的澄清信中,特别地强调:在公众对新冠疫苗的信任被泛政治化所破坏的今天,FDA的独立性比历史上任何时候都更重要(We believe U.S. FDA's independence is today more important than ever as public trust in #COVID19 vaccine development has been eroded by the politicization of the process)。

这是因为,FDA的高标准也是美国药厂金字招牌的坚强后盾。

我在前文说过,FDA和药厂是一对互为共生的欢喜冤家。他俩在更多的时候是打得不可开交。

举个例子,在“”一文中,我提到了罗氏集团一位神奇的游说公关天才,Evan Morris,他在罗氏10年,初出茅庐第一功就是帮助公司拿下了美国政府为禽流感危险而囤抗感冒药达菲的大订单,金额高达十几亿。今天利用这个机会谈谈Evan Morris的第二件奇功:曲线救主恶斗FDA,为抗乳腺癌药物阿瓦斯汀续命一年,保住10亿美元的销售

FDA于2008年根据早期疗效数据,通过“快速通道”批准罗氏阿瓦斯汀用于乳腺癌亚型,让这个药的销售额大增。但是,后续的成熟数据在2010年出来,并不支持阿瓦斯汀延长显著延长乳腺癌患者寿命的美好假说。当年铁面无私的FDA,是要拿掉阿瓦斯汀在乳腺癌的许可证的。

Evan Morris的策略和当年一样,发动患者权益组织对立法者展开猛烈攻势,让服用阿瓦斯汀并产生疗效的患者现身说法,用一个又一个生与死之间的感人故事,去感化国会议员,由他们向FDA施压以改弦更张。

这招果然非常奏效,当年一位参议员说出了如此的重话:FDA断了病人的救命药,仅仅是因为他们的生命不被重视。我们正慢慢滑向大政府对人民医疗保健的配给制(It is sickening to think that care would be withheld from a patient simply because their life is not deemed valuable enough. I fear this is the beginning of a slippery slope leading to more and more rationing under the government takeover of health care that is being forced on the American people.”)。

不过FDA还是在压力下站稳了脚跟,于2011年底宣布收回对阿瓦斯汀在乳腺癌领域的许可证。那一天罗氏的股票跌惨了。

但是Evan Morris的攻势毕竟把这个枪毙的决定延迟了一年,这意味着超过10亿美元的销售额。

他的确是个天才。

FDA的决定,好像害惨了罗氏,但是在广义上却帮了整个制药界。FDA对一个貌似有效的药物如此冷酷无情,固然让有些人心生遗憾,但从另一个侧面也说明,凡是能挺过FDA拷问的药物或疫苗,那得是多好的药啊,能用上您就没事偷着乐吧!

今年的情况却反常,政府是一个劲的猛催,药厂却好像成了谦虚和保守的那一个,老是强调自己还没准备好,FDA夹在他俩之间有点作难。

千里之堤,溃于蚁穴。美国公共卫生的牌子已经被某些人给砸了,希望制药业不要成为下一个牺牲品

(图片来自网络)

参考链接:

https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-makes-rosy-vaccine-timing-front-center-campaign/story?id=72877119

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-vaccines-fda-exclu/exclusive-top-fda-official-says-would-resign-if-agency-rubber-stamps-an-unproven-covid-19-vaccine-idUSKBN25H03H

https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/08/23/mark-meadows-defends-trump-fda-deep-state-tweet/3425379001/

https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/week-transcript-23-20-mark-meadows-kate-bedingfield/story?id=72551139

https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2020/09/22/fda-covid-vaccine-approval-standard/

https://www.ft.com/content/f8ecf7b5-f8d2-4726-ba3f-233b8497b91a

https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/23/trump-vaccine-fda-guidelines-420803

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/05/us/politics/coronavirus-vaccine-guidelines.html?s=03#click=https://t.co/YOpHE9P2TB

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-pfizer-vaccine/pfizer-ceo-says-wont-discuss-fdas-coronavirus-vaccine-guidance-with-white-house-idUSKBN26R2XC

https://www.fiercepharma.com/vaccines/fda-career-experts-will-handle-coronavirus-vaccine-reviews-commissioner-says

https://apnews.com/article/virus-outbreak-archive-efdb363953cc5e2d64028b60baabdc90

https://www.wsj.com/articles/white-house-agrees-to-fdas-guidelines-for-vetting-covid-19-vaccines-11602011953?mod=breakingnews

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3744967/

https://www.fda.gov/media/142723/download

通知

备用:如果以后读者无法再阅读到本公号的更新,可以去网易搜索同名的网易号。海外的读者也可以下载Telegram , 然后再手机浏览器中打开链接“https://t.me/joinchat/MvXTABj7X6uQxRjnNxaHmg”,点击“ Join Group”加入“北美新药科普历史网”的读者群。