前言
大家购买法国斗牛犬之前我比较推荐先研究一下标准，今天这篇是FCI的标准，还有另外一篇是美国AKC沿用的，大家综合起来对照，当然小狗和大狗标准不能一概而论，但是大家可以参考，通过学习自己就知道法国斗牛犬怎么分别好坏了。
ORIGIN （起源）：France （法国）
DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE OFFICIAL VALID STANDARD （标准发布生效日期）：03.11.2014
UTILIZATION （用途）： Companion and Toy dog （伴侣犬和玩具犬）.
FCI-CLASSIFICATION （FCI-分类）：
- Group 9 Companion and Toy Dogs （第9组伴侣犬和玩具犬）.
- Section 11 Small Molossian Dogs（第11部分小型獒犬）.
- Without working trial（非工作犬）.
BRIEF HISTORICAL SUMMARY（简要历史总结）： Probably decending, like all mastiffs, from the Epirus and the Roman Empire molossers, relative of the Bulldog of Great Britain, the Alaunts (tribe of the Middle Ages), the mastiffs and small-type mastiffs of France. The bulldog we know is the product of different crossings done by enthusiastic breeders in the popular quarters of Paris in the 1880s. During that period, the Bulldog was a dog belonging to Parisian market porters, butchers and coachmen, it soon won over high society and the artistic world by its particular appearance and character. It rapidly became popular. The first breed club was founded in 1880 in Paris. The first registration dates from 1885 and the first standard was established in 1898, the year in which the French Kennel Club recognized the French Bulldog breed. The first dog of this breed was shown at an exhibition as early as 1887. The standard, modified in 1931-1932 and 1948, was reformulated in 1986 by H.F. Reant with the collaboration of R. Triquet (F.C.I. publication 1987), then in 1994 by Violette Guillon (F.C.I. publication 1995) and in 2012 by the French Bulldog Club committee（所有来自于伊庇鲁斯和罗马帝国的獒犬都起源于古代英国阿朗特部落（中世纪的部落）的斗牛犬，同这些獒犬一样，法国斗牛犬作为法兰西的小型獒犬也与古英国斗牛犬有些许的血缘联系。据我们所知，这种斗牛犬是19世纪80年代仅在巴黎流行的地区品种，是热情的繁育者经由不同犬种的交叉繁育而最终形成的产品。在当时这种斗牛犬仅仅属于巴黎市场的搬运工人，屠夫和马车夫，但因其独特的外貌和性格，很快赢得了较高的社会阶层和艺术家世界的青睐。它迅速变得流行起来。第一个繁育俱乐部于1880年在巴黎成立。第一个注册日期在1885年，第一个标准创立于1898年，并且当年法国犬舍俱乐部（FKC）承认了法国斗牛犬这一犬种。不过该品种的第一只狗早在1887年的一个展会上就已经进行了展出。在1931年至1932年，1948年该犬种的标准进行了修改。到了1986年时，由H.F. Rean和R. Triquet合作对标准重新确切阐述（1987年FCI协会出版），然后1994年由 Violette Guillon进行了修改（1995年FCI协会出版）；2012年由法国斗牛犬俱乐部委员会又进行了最新修订）.
GENERAL APPEARANCE（总体外观） ：The type is of a small-sized molossian. A powerful dog for its small size, short, stocky, compact in all its proportions, smooth-coated, with a snub nose, erect ears and a naturally short tail. Must have the appearance of an active, intelligent, very muscular dog, of a compact build with a solid bone structure. No point is exaggerated compared to the others, which could spoil the dog’s general harmony, in appearance and in movement（其类型为一种小型獒犬。力量型的小体犬，身短，矮壮，身体比例紧凑。体毛光滑，鼻子塌陷，耳朵直立，天生短尾。外观必须活跃聪明，肌肉发达，结构紧凑，骨骼坚实。作为小型獒犬，其外观和动态方面都应当比例和谐，不宜过分夸张）.
IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS（重要比例）： The length of the body – between the point of the shoulder and the point of the buttocks – slightly surpasses the height at the withers. The length of muzzle is about 1/6 of the total length of the head（身体的长度为肩部前顶点与臀部后顶点之间的距离，臀部略高于肩部，口鼻部的长度约为头部总长度的六分之一）.
BEHAVIOUR / TEMPERAMENT（行为/气质）：Sociable, lively, playful, possessive and keen companion dog（友善、活泼、顽皮、强占有欲和敏捷的伴侣犬）.
HEAD（头部）：Must be strong, broad and square, covered by the skin of the head which forms symmetrical folds and wrinkles, without excess（必须结实，宽阔的和正方形的，头部的皮肤形成对称的褶皱和皱纹，但褶皱不可过多）.
CRANIAL REGION（颅区）：
Skull（头骨）：Broad, almost flat from ear to ear, domed forehead. Prominent superciliary arches, separated by a particularly developed furrow between the eyes. The furrow must not extend onto the skull. External occipital protuberance is barely developed.（宽阔，两耳之间几乎是平坦的，半球形的前额。突出的眉弓之间由眼部皮肤形成深沟形的皱纹。沟不应延伸到头骨上。枕外隆凸不发达。）
Stop（额断）: Pronounced（明显的）.
FACIAL REGION（面部）： The head of the Bulldog is characterized by a shortening of the maxillary-nasal part as well as a slight to moderate slope of the nose backwards. The nose is slightly upturned (“snub nose”)（斗牛犬的头部特征是由上颌骨+鼻骨部分缩短，略微向后倾斜成斜面。鼻子为略上翘“塌鼻子” ）.
Nose（鼻子）： Black, broad, snubbed, with symmetrical and well opened nostrils, slanting towards the rear. The slope of the nostrils as well as the upturned nose must, however, allow normal nasal breathing（黑色、宽阔、短而扁、对称且开启的鼻孔，向后部倾斜。鼻子上翘使鼻孔倾斜成一个斜坡，然而不能妨碍正常鼻呼吸）.
Muzzle（口吻部）： Very short, broad, with concentric symmetrical folds（非常短，宽阔，具有同心对称的褶皱）.
Lips:（嘴唇）：Thick, a little loose and black. The upper lip meets the lower lip at its middle, completely covering the teeth.The profile of the upper lip is descending and rounded. The tongue must never show when the dog is not excited. （厚，略微松弛且黑色。上唇接触下唇的中部，完全覆盖牙齿。上唇的侧面轮廓下垂呈圆形。在狗不兴奋的时候不能露舌头）.
Jaws/Teeth（颌/牙齿）：Broad and powerful. The lower jaw projects in front of the upper jaw and turns up. The arch of the lower incisors is rounded. The jaw must not show lateral deviation, or torsion. The gap between the incisors of the upper and the lower jaw should not be strictly delimited, the essential condition being that the upper and the lower lips meet to completely cover the teeth. The lower incisors surpass the upper incisors. Sufficiently developed incisives and canines. Complete bite is desirable（宽而有力。下颚在上颌骨的前面并且向上。下切齿的齿弓是圆形。颚骨不能显示横向偏移，或扭转。上下颌切齿之间的间隙不应严格限定，必要条件为上下嘴唇完全覆盖的牙齿。下切齿超越上切齿。尖齿和犬齿发育完全，可完全咬取）.
Cheeks（脸颊）： Well developed（发达）.
Eye（眼睛）：: Clearly visible eyes, striking with lively expression, set low, quite far from the nose and the ears, dark coloured, rather large, rounded, showing no trace of white (sclera) when the dog is looking straight forward. Rims of eyelids must be black（清晰明显的眼睛，强烈充满活力的表情，位置低，与鼻子和耳朵的距离适中，眼色是深色的，眼睛相当大，圆形，当狗向前直视的时候不露眼白（巩膜）。眼圈必须是黑色的）.
Ears:（耳朵）：Medium size, wide at the base and rounded at the top. Set high on the head, but not too close together, carried erect. The ear is open towards the front. The skin must be fine and soft to the touch（中等大小，根部宽阔，顶部呈圆形。耳朵高于头部，两耳之间距离不可太近，耳朵直立。耳廓朝前并且是张开的。耳朵皮肤的触感细腻、柔软）.
NECK（颈部）：Short, powerful, slightly arched, without dewlap, broadens towards the shoulder
（短的，强有力的，略呈弧形，无赘肉，颈部与肩部相连的位置逐渐变宽）.
BODY（身体）:
Topline（背线）： Rising progressively, but not excessively, from the withers towards the loin. That conformation- also called roach-back–is typical for the breed
（从肩到腰逐步上升，但不过分，这个结构，又称弓背。背弓是这一品种的典型特征）.
Back（背部）：Broad and muscular, firm without slackness（宽阔并且肌肉发达，坚实而不懈怠）.
Loin（腰部）：Short, broad and arched（短、宽、圆拱形）.
Croup（尻部）：Well sloping（恰当的斜度）.
Chest（胸部）：Cylindrical and well let down (slightly under the elbows); very well sprung ribs, so-called “barrel shaped”. Fore chest, broad and square-shaped, seen from the front（圆柱形，并且适当的向下（略低于肘部）；健康的肋骨，所谓的“桶形”。从前面看，胸膛宽阔呈正方形）.
Underline and belly（下腹线和肚皮）：Tucked up but not whippety（向上收起但又不能像赛跑的惠比特犬那样）.
TAIL（尾巴）：Naturally short, ideally long enough to cover the anus, set low, rather straight, thick at the base and tapering at the tip.A kinked, knotted, broken or relatively long tail that does not reach beyond the point of the hocks, is admitted. It is carried low. Even in action,the tail must not rise above the horizontal.
（自然短，理想长度足以覆盖肛门，位置低，直，根部粗，末端逐渐变细。尾巴有扭曲，打结，断的或比较长的尾巴（不能超过后腿的跗关节）都是可以接受的。尾巴低垂，即使在行动中，尾巴也不能超越水平线）.
LIMBS（四肢）：
FOREQUARTERS（前躯）：
General appearance（总体外观）：Forelegs upright (and straight) seen in profile and from the front（从侧面和前面看，前腿垂直（正直））.
Shoulder（肩胛骨）：Must be well laid back（一定要角度适中）.
Upper arm（上臂）： Short, thick, muscular, slightly curved（短，粗，肌肉发达，稍弯曲）.
Elbows（肘部）：Close and tight to the body（紧靠身体）.
Forearm（前臂）： Short, straight and muscular（短，直，肌肉发达）.
Carpus (Wrist)（腕骨（腕））：Solid and short（实，短).
Metacarpus (Pastern)（前腿飞节（骹关节））： Short and slightly oblique seen in profile（短，从侧面看，稍斜角）.
Forefeet（前足）：Round, compact, of small dimension, i.e. cat feet, turning slightly outward. The toes are tight, nails short, thick and black（圆形，紧凑，体积小，即“猫足”，向外翻转。脚趾紧，指甲短、粗、黑）.
HINDQUARTERS（后躯）：
General appearance（总体外观）：The hindlegs are strong and muscular, a little longer than the forelegs, thus raising the hindquarters. The legs are upright as seen both in profile and from behind（后腿结实而肌肉发达，比前腿稍微长一点，从而提高了后躯。从侧面和后面看，后腿都是垂直的）.
Thigh（大腿）：Well muscled, firm（肌肉发达，结实）.
Hock joint（后腿跗关节：）：Quite well let down, neither too angulated nor too straight（恰当的向下，既不太弯曲也不太笔直）.
Tarsus （后腿跗骨）：solid（结实）.
Metatarsus (Rear pastern)（后腿飞节（后骹关节））：Short（短）.
Hind feet（后脚）：Round, compact, turning neither inward nor outward（圆形，紧凑，既不向内也不向外）.
GAIT/MOVEMENT（步态/运动）：The legs moving parallel to the median plane of the body, whether seen in front or in profile. Free, powerful and smooth movement（双腿平行于正中身体的平面，无论是在前面或侧面看。自由的， 强有力的而且流畅的运动）.
SKIN（皮肤）：Firm（紧致）.
COAT（皮毛）：
Hair（毛）：Smooth coat, close, glossy and soft, without undercoat（皮毛光滑，紧密，光滑柔软，没有底绒毛）.
Colour（颜色）：fawn, brindled or not, with or without white spotting（鹿色，斑纹或不是斑纹，有或没有白色斑块）.
Coat with colouring（有色皮毛）：
Brindle（斑纹）： Fawn coat moderately characterized by transversal dark brindling creating a‘tiger-marked’ effect, strongly brindled coats must not cover out the fawn ground colour. A black mask may be present. Limited white spotting is admissible（鹿色的皮毛中适度的生长着特有的横向暗褐色条纹，进而形成“虎斑”的效果，强烈的深色斑纹不能完全覆盖住鹿色的基底色。脸部覆盖黑色面罩。面积有限的白色斑块是可以接受的颜色）.
Fawn（鹿色）：Solid coat, from light fawn to dark fawn, sometimes presenting a paler colouring of the inclined parts, with or without a black mask, although masked subjects are preferred Sometimes accompanied by limited white spotting（纯色皮毛，从浅鹿色到深鹿色，有时身体内侧部分颜色稍微变浅，脸部覆盖黑色面罩或者没有黑色面罩，当然带面罩的是更为理想的首选。有时身体上带面积有限的白色斑块）.
Coat with white spotting（皮毛上带有白色斑块）：
Brindled with moderate or important white spotting（斑纹带有中度或重度的白色斑块）：So-called‘pied’, the spotting being ideally distributed over the entire subject. Some blotches on the skin are admissible（即所谓的“花衣”，白色斑块的理想状态是分布在整个身体上。有些斑块长在皮肤上也是允许的）.
Fawn with moderate or important white spotting（鹿色带有中度或重度的白色斑块）： So-called‘fawn and white’, the spotting being ideally distributed over theentire dog. Some blotches of the skin are tolerated. The nose is always black, in all coat colours, never brown or blue. The all-white subjects provided the edge of eyelids and nose are black–are admitted but not bred for, because of a risk of deafness（即所谓的“鹿加白”，白色斑块的理想状态是分布在整个狗的身体上，有些斑块长在皮肤上也是可以接受的。鼻子必须是黑色的，而且身体不能有褐色或蓝色的体毛。眼睑和鼻子为黑色，身体全白色，也是被承认的颜色，但是不能作为繁殖种犬，因为这样的狗有耳聋的风险性）.
SIZE AND WEIGHT（尺寸和重量）：
Height at the withers（肩高）：Males: 27–35 cm. Females: 24–32 cm. A deviation of 1 cm above and below the standard is tolerated
（公：27–35厘米。母：24 - 32厘米。上下偏差1厘米，也是可以被接受的）.
Weight（体重）： Males: 9–14 kg. Females: 8–13 kg. 500 g more than the standard weight is allowed when the subject is typical
（公：9 - 14公斤。母：8 - 13公斤。如果体型匀称，超过标准体重500克也是允许的）.
FAULTS（缺陷）：
Any departure from the foregoing points should be considered a fault and the seriousness with which the fault should be regarded should be in exact proportion to its degree and its effect upon the health and welfare of the dog
（ 任何偏离上述要点的，应视为缺陷，而缺陷的严重性应与其程度及对狗的健康和幸福的影响成正比）.
Strongly flecked with black brindle with white coat（白色皮毛上长着明显的黑色虎斑条纹）.
Fawn and white coat strongly red speckled（鹿加白色的皮毛上长着强烈的红色斑点）.
In fawn coats, deep black trace extending along the spine（鹿色皮毛上沿脊背方向长着黑色的条纹）.
White stockings in brindles and fawns（虎斑色皮毛和鹿色的皮毛，而四肢却是白色的袜子）.
Light-coloured nails（白色的指甲）.
SEVERE FAULTS（严重缺陷）：
Overtyped, exaggerated breed characteristics（过分夸张的特征）.
Muzzle too long or excessively short（口吻太长或太短）.
Tongue visible when mouth is closed（闭嘴时露舌头）.
Light eyes (hawk eye)（眼色浅（鹰眼））.
Horizontal topline from withers to loin（从肩部到腰部的背线呈水平线）.
Excessive depigmentation of the lips, nose, eyelids, the rim of which should never be entirely depigmented
（过度褪色的嘴唇，鼻子，眼睑，其边缘不应完全脱色）.
Pincer bite（钳咬合）.
DISQUALIFYING FAULTS（失格）：
Aggressive or overly shy dog（好斗或过于害羞的狗）.
Any dog clearly showing physical or behavioural abnormalities shall be disqualified（任何狗清楚地显示身体或行为异常，应被取消资格）.
Lacks type: insufficient ethnic characteristics which result in the dog not really resembling other subjects of the breed
（缺乏类型：没有足够的品种特色，导致狗长得像其他品种）.
Completely closed nostrils（鼻孔完全封闭）.
Torsion or lateral deviation of the jaw, resulting in the tongue constantly being visible（反向或横向偏斜的下巴，导致舌头在闭嘴的时候依然露出）.
Dog with lower incisors articulating behind upper incisors（下切齿长到上切齿的后面）.
Dog with permanently visible canines (fangs), mouth being closed（闭嘴是依然露出犬牙（尖牙））.
Heterochrome eyes (wall eye)（两只眼睛颜色不同（角膜白斑））.
Colour of nose other than black（鼻子不是黑颜色）.
Ears not carried erect（耳朵不能直立）.
Taillessness or ingrown tail（没有尾巴或尾巴向内生长）.
Dewclaw on hindquarters（后腿上长有狼爪悬趾）.
Reversed hock（后腿跗关节反向）.
Long, wired-haired or woolly coat（长毛，硬毛型长卷毛，或类似羊毛型的卷毛）.
Colour not in accordance with what is prescribed in the standard, namely black, black with fawn markings (black and tan) and all dilutions of black with or without white spotting
（标准颜色以外的毛色均不符合规定，即纯黑色，纯黑色带鹿色记号（黑加棕黄色）和稀释的黑色，带有或不带白色斑块）.
Size and weight outside the standard limits（尺寸和重量在标准范围之外）.
Respiratory distress（呼吸窘迫）.
Deafness（耳聋）.
N.B.（注）：
Male animals should have two apparently normal testicles fully descended into the scrotum（公犬应当有两个明显外露的睾丸，不能隐藏于阴囊中）.
Only functionally and clinically healthy dogs, with breed typical conformation, should be used for breeding（只有机能健康，品种特征典型的犬只才能作为种犬繁殖）
The latest amendments are in bold characters（最新一条修订条款是性格勇敢）