关键字：MySQL数据库容灾方案、MySQL数据库数据备份、MySQL数据库压缩
前言
我之前有一篇介绍在 MySQL SHELL 环境中如何对文档类数据进行操作的文章（MySQL 在NOSQL 领域冲锋陷阵），但是 MySQL SHELL 功能很多，除了可以操作文档类数据，也可以对关系表进行各种 DDL,DML 等操作。这里我就用几个简单例子来示范下如何用 MySQL SHELL 操作关系表。
此处引用的数据库示例基于官方的 SAMPLE DATABASE：WORLD，表结构以及数据可以自行下载。
MySQL SHELL 对关系型数据库的操作涉及到三个组件：
- MySQL：传统 mysql，操作比较简单，除了写法有些差异外，基本上等同于 SQL 操作。
- MySQL X：基于 X DEV 协议操作 mysql，其中包含很多类，除了可以操作文档数据，也可以操作关系表。
- SHELL：包含了以上两个组件，可以随意切换，重点在于如何选择连接协议。
我们来依次看看各个组件对关系表的常用检索方式。
一、mysql 组件
连接数据库：mysql.get_session 或者 mysql.get_classic_session
可以用如下传统拼串方式连接数据库：
MySQL Py > connection_url="mysql://root:root@localhost/world?socket=(/var/lib/mysql/official/mysql.sock)"MySQL Py > ytt_cn1 = mysql.get_session(connection_url);MySQL Py > ytt_cn1
也可以用字典的方式连接数据库：
MySQL Py > connection_url={"schema":"world","user":"root","password":"root","socket":"/var/lib/mysql/official/mysql.sock"}MySQL Py > ytt_cn1=mysql.get_session(connection_url);MySQL Py > ytt_cn1
接下来可以用 ClassicSession 类提供的各种方法对关系表进行相关操作，所有的操作都可以直接用函数 run_sql 来执行：
对表 city 查询：
MySQL Py > ytt_cn1.run_sql("table city limit 1")+----+-------+-------------+----------+------------+| ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population |+----+-------+-------------+----------+------------+| 1 | Kabul | AFG | Kabol | 1780000 |+----+-------+-------------+----------+------------+1 row in set (0.0005 sec)
对表 city 插入：
MySQL Py > ytt_cn1.run_sql("insert into city(name,countrycode,population,district) values ('test','CHN',1000000,'dd')")Query OK, 1 row affected (0.0079 sec)MySQL Py > ytt_cn1.run_sql("select * from city where name ='test'")+------+------+-------------+----------+------------+| ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population |+------+------+-------------+----------+------------+| 4097 | test | CHN | dd | 1000000 |+------+------+-------------+----------+------------+1 row in set (0.0032 sec)
对表 city 更新：
MySQL Py > ytt_cn1.run_sql("update city set name='who know ?' where id=4097")Query OK, 1 row affected (0.0894 sec)Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0MySQL Py > ytt_cn1.run_sql("select * from city where id=4097")+------+------------+-------------+----------+------------+| ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population |+------+------------+-------------+----------+------------+| 4097 | who know ? | CHN | dd | 1000000 |+------+------------+-------------+----------+------------+1 row in set (0.0005 sec)
对表 city 删除：
MySQL Py > ytt_cn1.run_sql("delete from city where id=4097")Query OK, 1 row affected (0.0739 sec)MySQL Py > ytt_cn1.run_sql("select * from city where id=4097")Empty set (0.0004 sec)
开启一个事务块：
MySQL Py > ytt_cn1.start_transaction();Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0003 sec)MySQL Py > ytt_cn1.run_sql("delete from city where id =1")Query OK, 1 row affected (0.0006 sec)MySQL Py > ytt_cn1.rollback();Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.2070 sec)MySQL Py > ytt_cn1.run_sql("select * from city where id = 1")+----+-------+-------------+----------+------------+| ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population |+----+-------+-------------+----------+------------+| 1 | Kabul | AFG | Kabol | 1780000 |+----+-------+-------------+----------+------------+1 row in set (0.0004 sec)
关闭连接：
MySQL Py > ytt_cn1.close();MySQL Py > ytt_cn1
二、mysqlx 组件
MySQL X 组件包含了很多类，下面我来举几个常用的例子：
依然是先连接数据库 world：X 协议端口 33060 或者 X SOCKET（用 mysqlx.get_session 方法）。
MySQL Py > connection_urlx="mysqlx://root:root@localhost/world?socket=(/var/lib/mysql/official/mysqlx.sock)"MySQL Py > ytt_cnx1=mysqlx.get_session(connection_urlx);
比如找出人口小于800的城市并且列出对应的国家名字：
SQL： select a.id,a.name,b.name country_name, a.population from city a join country b on (a.countrycode = b.code and a.population < 800);
2.1 SQLRESULT 类：类似于 mysql 游标用法
MySQL Py > sql1="select a.id,a.name,b.name country_name, a.population from city a join country b on (a.countrycode = b.code and a.population < 800)"MySQL Py > sql_result1=ytt_cnx1.run_sql(sql1)
获取前两行：默认不带字段名
MySQL Py > sql_result1.fetch_one()[ 62, "The Valley", "Anguilla", 595]MySQL Py > sql_result1.fetch_one()[ 1791, "Flying Fish Cove", "Christmas Island", 700]
获取带字段名的记录：
MySQL Py > sql_result1.fetch_one_object();{ "country_name": "Cocos (Keeling) Islands", "id": 2316, "name": "Bantam", "population": 503}
一次性获取剩余的行：
MySQL Py > sql_result1.fetch_all()[ [ 2317, "West Island", "Cocos (Keeling) Islands", 167 ], [ 2728, "Yaren", "Nauru", 559 ], [ 2805, "Alofi", "Niue", 682 ], [ 2912, "Adamstown", "Pitcairn", 42 ], [ 3333, "Fakaofo", "Tokelau", 300 ], [ 3538, "Città del Vaticano", "Holy See (Vatican City State)", 455 ]]
2.2 SqlExecute 类：类似于 prepare 语句用法
比如把之前的人口判断条件替换为绑定变量（？或者变量(:a)），这样可以方便多个条件一起查询。
MySQL Py > sql2="select a.id,a.name,b.name country_name, a.population from city a join country b on (a.countrycode = b.code and a.population < ?)" MySQL Py > sql_result2=ytt_cnx1.sql(sql2);
给定两个不同的人口条件：
MySQL Py > a=800MySQL Py > b=500
绑定变量执行结果：
MySQL Py > sql_result2.bind(a)+------+--------------------+-------------------------------+------------+| id | name | country_name | population |+------+--------------------+-------------------------------+------------+| 62 | The Valley | Anguilla | 595 || 1791 | Flying Fish Cove | Christmas Island | 700 || 2316 | Bantam | Cocos (Keeling) Islands | 503 || 2317 | West Island | Cocos (Keeling) Islands | 167 || 2728 | Yaren | Nauru | 559 || 2805 | Alofi | Niue | 682 || 2912 | Adamstown | Pitcairn | 42 || 3333 | Fakaofo | Tokelau | 300 || 3538 | Città del Vaticano | Holy See (Vatican City State) | 455 |+------+--------------------+-------------------------------+------------+9 rows in set (0.0022 sec)MySQL Py > sql_result2.bind(b)+------+--------------------+-------------------------------+------------+| id | name | country_name | population |+------+--------------------+-------------------------------+------------+| 2317 | West Island | Cocos (Keeling) Islands | 167 || 2912 | Adamstown | Pitcairn | 42 || 3333 | Fakaofo | Tokelau | 300 || 3538 | Città del Vaticano | Holy See (Vatican City State) | 455 |+------+--------------------+-------------------------------+------------+4 rows in set (0.0023 sec)
2.3 Table 类：获取当前连接数据库下单张表，可以对这张表进行任何 DML 操作。（获取 Table 类之前，得先获取 Schema 类）
MySQL Py > ytt_schema1=ytt_cnx1.get_schema('world')MySQL Py > ytt_tbname1=ytt_schema1.get_table('city');
查找人口少于 800 的记录：
MySQL Py > ytt_tbname1.select().where("population<800")+------+--------------------+-------------+-------------+------------+| ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population |+------+--------------------+-------------+-------------+------------+| 62 | The Valley | AIA | – | 595 || 1791 | Flying Fish Cove | CXR | – | 700 || 2316 | Bantam | CCK | Home Island | 503 || 2317 | West Island | CCK | West Island | 167 || 2728 | Yaren | NRU | – | 559 || 2805 | Alofi | NIU | – | 682 || 2912 | Adamstown | PCN | – | 42 || 3333 | Fakaofo | TKL | Fakaofo | 300 || 3538 | Città del Vaticano | VAT | – | 455 |+------+--------------------+-------------+-------------+------------+9 rows in set (0.0024 sec)
还可以继续排序以及限制记录数输出：
MySQL Py > ytt_tbname1.select().where("population<800").order_by("population desc ").limit(3)+------+------------------+-------------+----------+------------+| ID | Name | CountryCode | District | Population |+------+------------------+-------------+----------+------------+| 1791 | Flying Fish Cove | CXR | – | 700 || 2805 | Alofi | NIU | – | 682 || 62 | The Valley | AIA | – | 595 |+------+------------------+-------------+----------+------------+3 rows in set (0.0024 sec)
2.4 Table 类包含几个子类：TableSelect、TableInsert、TableUpdate、TableDelete。
1）TableSelect：保存查询结果
之前查找人口小于 800 的记录结果即为 TableSelect，可以基于此类来后续操作。
MySQL Py > tbselect1=ytt_tbname1.select().where("population<800")
只拿出部分字段：
MySQL Py > tbselect1.select("[id,name]").order_by("population desc").limit(2);+----------------------------+| JSON_ARRAY(`id`,`name`) |+----------------------------+| [1791, "Flying Fish Cove"] || [2805, "Alofi"] |+----------------------------+2 rows in set (0.0031 sec)
2）TableInsert：执行插入语句
插入一行：
MySQL Py > ytt_tbname1.count()4081MySQL Py > tbinsert1=ytt_tbname1.insert(["name","population","countrycode","district"]).values('test',1000000,'CHN','dd');MySQL Py > tbinsert1.execute();Query OK, 1 item affected (0.0054 sec)MySQL Py > ytt_tbname1.count()4082
插入多行：有两种方法。
多 VALUES 形式：
MySQL Py > tbinsert1=ytt_tbname1.insert(["name","population","countrycode","district"]).values('test',1000000,'CHN','dd').values('test',1000000,'CHN','dd');MySQL Py > tbinsert1.execute()Query OK, 2 items affected (0.0325 sec)Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0MySQL Py > MySQL Py > ytt_tbname1.count()4084
多次执行或者包含在事务块里：
MySQL Py > ytt_cnx1.start_transaction();Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.0004 sec)MySQL Py > tbinsert1=ytt_tbname1.insert(["name","population","countrycode","district"]).values('test',1000000,'CHN','dd');MySQL Py > tbinsert1Query OK, 1 item affected (0.0008 sec)MySQL Py > tbinsert1Query OK, 1 item affected (0.0006 sec)MySQL Py > tbinsert1Query OK, 1 item affected (0.0008 sec)MySQL Py > tbinsert1Query OK, 1 item affected (0.0006 sec)MySQL Py > ytt_cnx1.commit();Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.2737 sec)MySQL Py > ytt_tbname1.count()4088
3）TableUpdate：执行更新语句
MySQL Py > tbupdate1=ytt_tbname1.update().set('district','nothing').where("name='test'")MySQL Py > tbupdate1Query OK, 0 items affected (0.0048 sec)Rows matched: 9 Changed: 9 Warnings: 0
4）TableDelete：执行删除语句
MySQL Py > tbdelete1=ytt_tbname1.delete().where("district='nothing'");MySQL Py > tbdelete1Query OK, 9 items affected (0.0112 sec)MySQL Py > ytt_tbname1.count()4079
三、SHELL 组件
SHELL 组件可以在 MySQL 和 MySQL X 间随意切换，并且连接后，包含了一个默认数据库类 “db” ，db 等价于 ytt_cnx1.get_current_schema()
MySQL Py > ytt_cnx_shell1=shell.connect(connection_urlx)Creating an X protocol session to 'root@localhost/world'Fetching schema names for autocompletion... Press ^C to stop.Your MySQL connection id is 10 (X protocol)Server version: 8.0.23 MySQL Community Server - GPLDefault schema `world` accessible through db
依然还是操作表 city，
MySQL localhost+ ssl world Py > ytt_tbname2=db.get_table("city") MySQL localhost+ ssl world Py > ytt_tbname2
之后的操作和之前 mysqlx 的一样。
MySQL localhost+ ssl world Py > ytt_tbname2.select(['id','name']).where("population<800").order_by("id desc").limit(3);+------+--------------------+| id | name |+------+--------------------+| 3538 | Città del Vaticano || 3333 | Fakaofo || 2912 | Adamstown |+------+--------------------+3 rows in set (0.0011 sec)
所以如果用 MySQL SHELL 来操作 mysql 关系表，推荐用 SHELL 组件的方式，非常灵活。